Determinants of Health and their Effect on Health Policy

Determinants of Health and their Effect on Health Policy â€Å"International Healthcare Policy† Assignment 2 Task 1 Determinants of Health Demographic distributions of populations Demographics of a certain population can be the greatest factor that can affect the health status of the said groups of people. Demographic factors include employment status, income, education, housing, age and gender. Of all of these factors, income has the most significant impact on health indirectly (National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability, 1998). It is an established fact that income and the quality of health are correlated. Low income usually leads to poor health, and sufficient to high income leads to good health. Not only health, but income also has an effect on mortality and morbidity rates, affordability to access health care services and hospital admissions. The reason for this significant impact is that income determines the quality of other factors, such as education levels, adequate housing, and access to consistent nutritious food. Educational attainment is also an important determinant of health, as with employment status. This is mainly because educational attainment determines the employment status, and consequently income levels. In most cases, high income means affordability of goods and services that give benefit physically, mentally and socially. Employers only hire qualified people, and the more skilled a person is the higher the pay for that person. Educated people are usually at the top of the skilled workforce, and they have a high employment rate and wage rate. Adequate housing also has an impact on health. Overcrowding, cold and damp conditions are detrimental to health of the occupants; adequate housing eliminates these factors. As mentioned earlier, adequate housing can only be afforded if income is sufficient. Adequate income can provide for a sufficiently spacious house far from pollution and risk factors that may lead to the detriment of health. Gender and age have their special impacts on health. Each group have their own particular sets of diseases and vulnerabilities, and therefore health care services that are provided to them must also be given accordingly. These demographic factors also affect the planning, implementation and evaluation of health care interventions. Because of the peculiarities of each demographic group, the health care intervention must be planned in such a way that it will cater to the vast majority of its subjects. This may be difficult in the implementation phase, as some demographic groups may resist the changes brought about by the said interventions. It is usually preplanned that each demographic group has its own particular policies that help the intervention fit in that demographic group, minimising conflicts and ensuring the success of the intervention. For example, a nationwide intervention is planned by the government. It is known by the government that the intervention covers all citizens, and that its citizens are divided into groups according to their income, education levels, and other factors. The government then plans to put more of its resources into the implementation of the intervention on the unde rprivileged population, and lowering the resources spent on the rich citizens. Political Values It was found out that political values have an influence on how people react to new information that they are exposed to (Diorio, 2014). This also includes new health policies implemented by the authorities. People may agree with or resist this information according to their values and beliefs. Depending on how health interventions are implemented, it may be easy or difficult for people to accept these interventions. If the interventions are in such a way that it gives a feeling of threat to freedom, people naturally resist this policy and implementation of these interventions is thus delayed. In the policy making level, differing political views may also interfere with the planning of the health care interventions. Nowadays, policy makers are usually divided by differing views and interests, especially if they belong to different parties. Religious beliefs In order to maximise healing and recovery, religious alignment must be taken into account. Different religious organisations have different sets of beliefs that may contradict the norms of health, and usually adherents of the said religions follow these beliefs strictly. Because of this, religious beliefs have significant impact on the implementation of health care policies and interventions. For example, Catholic groups may oppose the implementation of health policies regarding artificial contraception. If these religious groups hold a powerful sway on the policy makers, in these situations policies that may benefit the majority may be held in an uncertain status. In some countries, where the interests of the state and the religious groups are different, these problems may lead to the decline of the health of the majority of the population. Human Values Another intrinsic factor that may affect the implementation of health care interventions is human values. Each of us has our own set of values and principles that may affect our perception of changes in our surroundings. In a population-wide context, this can be a significant factor, especially in population groups that belong to particular ethnicities, each group with its own particular set of values and beliefs. In an event of an intervention, specifically in health care, human values may determine the success or failure of the said intervention. This is mostly due to the fact that for an intervention to be successful, the full cooperation of the beneficiaries of the intervention is required. If they resist the implementation because of conflicting values, the intervention may fail. Ethnicity Ethnicity and culture can have an impact on the implementation of health interventions, particularly in areas with diverse ethnic and cultural makeup. Each ethnic group have their own set of values and beliefs, which may have the potential of aiding or delaying health interventions. An ethnic group may quickly accept health care interventions, or resist the changes brought about by the change in policies. In some countries, ethnic groups that are in the minority are underrepresented in the government, particularly in policy making bodies. Policies may be made without considering the welfare of these groups. In such cases, implementation of a health care intervention may be hampered by the very people it benefits, just because of conflict of interests. Evaluation may also be difficult, because of the mentioned reasons; if a particular group doesn’t like the intervention, they may refuse to talk about it. Traditions Traditions are a significant part of the lives of most people. This is important since it identifies them as a member of a culture or ethnicity. Such, they adhere to these traditions religiously. Sometimes, traditions have an impact on the planning, implementation and evaluation of health care interventions. As with culture, these may be due to conflicts in the traditions and interventions. For example, an implementation that may reduce the mortality rate may be negated by traditions that encourages risk taking. Since the population group following the said traditions adhere to these traditions religiously, an intervention contradicting these traditions may be hard to develop, leading to possible failure of implementation. Public Attitudes Public concepts of what health is One important factor in the success if an intervention is the cooperation of the public in accepting and adhering to the changes brought about by the said intervention. However, their perception of the intervention is influenced by their views on what health really is. If the intervention leads to a significant change that is the same with what the public views as healthy, it may become successful. For example, a health care intervention on reducing the incidence of diabetes may be successful if the public is aware that diabetes is a serious disease, and that preventing such illness is important. However, if the intervention is expected to create a change that does not conform to what the people sees as healthy, problems in the implementation may happen. For example, in some cultures, obese people are viewed as healthy and give a status of opulence. These obese people plan to stay that way, as they are not concerned being viewed as unhealthy. A planned intervention that aims to reduc e the incidence of obesity and hypertension in these cultures may lead to failure. Public concepts of what illness is Another important factor is the public’s view of what illness is. Illness is described as a state of being that is below what is considered normal or healthy. Across cultures and races, there is a wide variety of interpretation on how ill is considered ill. As with public perception on health, the public only does things that will put them into a more healthy state, away from illnesses. If an intervention leads to reduction of an illness that the public perceives as significant enough, the public will cooperate with the intervention, greatly increasing the chance of complete success of the intervention. On the other hand, if the said intervention doesn’t lead to a change that the public considers significant enough, it may fail. For example, if the public doesn’t consider strep throat as significant enough, a campaign to reduce the incidence of rheumatic heart disease may not reach its full potential. The importance the public put on health As with public concepts of health, the success of health care interventions also depend on the importance the public puts on health. People have their own sets of priorities, which they consider important. If a health care intervention is implemented, and these people do not consider it as a significant benefit, they will give the least priority to the intervention. Overall, the intervention will be a failure. In some cases, information dissemination and encouragement is included in the intervention, in order to increase awareness of the importance of the intervention. This will ensure the prioritisation of the intervention, increasing its chances of success. Public attitudes towards health and medical professionals In most nations, the public has great respect towards health and medical professionals. In these situations, a planned intervention may increase in effectiveness if these medical professionals endorse or complements what is advocated by these interventions. The public will usually listen to and follow the advice of these medical professionals, due to the fact that they recognise the expertise of these professionals in the field of health care. The public usually follows what they perceive to be beneficial to them, and it can be concluded that they will follow and cooperate with the planned interventions, if these professionals say to the public the benefits of the said interventions. Influences of Policies on Health Intervention Effective health policies are essential in the planning, implementation and evaluation of health care interventions. Essentially, effective policies greatly improve public health through this fact. Policies such as smoke ban and seat belt regulation improved the quality of health of the public. These policies are usually effectively implemented by the government. The national policies, particularly those health care policies, greatly complement the health care interventions. As the government has the manpower and resources to effectively implement policies and interventions, health care interventions planned by the government are usually successful. In the case of international policies, health care interventions depend on whether they conform to the international policies or whether they are in conflict with these policies. As international policies are universally recognised, it will be success for the intervention if the international policies agree with it. The same can be said with cultural and social factors and policies. The success or failure of an intervention depends on whether the intervention agrees or disagrees with the policies followed by the people. In this case, it is not the law mandating the disposition of the intervention; it is the public that will determine its success of failure. It can be concluded that policies are essential in determining the success of any health intervention. Implementing any intervention in a country with well-established health care policies, such as New Zealand, will almost always result in a successful intervention, completely attaining its goal of benefiting the public as a whole. Conclusion In conclusion, various factors greatly affect the success or failure of an intervention. It is not only the ones who plan that can affect the disposition of the intervention; it also greatly depends on the beneficiaries of the intervention, which is the public. The authorities plan, implement and evaluate the interventions they make to ensure its success. No matter how well it is made, full cooperation in the part of the public is still essential in determining its success.

The Effects of Increased Temperature on Fish Reproduction Essay

The Effects of Increased Temperature on Fish Reproduction Today, many factors can contribute to an unexpected increase in temperature in streams, ponds, lakes and even oceans. One of the many factors which may cause this is a nuclear power plant. Although many might think that nuclear power is a source of many pollutants, this has been proven not to be so (1). In fact, nuclear power plants only cause one pollutant to the nearby water bodies, increased temperature. Usually this increase in temperature is approximately ten degrees above normal (2). However, this main study is to look at any effects that fish may have because of this increase in temperature. Several studies have been performed in this area, on several different species of fish. Although most fish respond in the same way, Eurasian Perch, for example, showed interesting side effects. By having an experimental group, which is placed into waters at a temperature of about ten degrees higher than the natural temperature, it is easy to compare to the control group, what physiological problems had occured. During the winter months, fish seek cooler water to perform gametogenesis, that is, sperm and eggs begin to form through meiosis. When spring arrives, these fish head back towards warmer water to spawn (3). What if the temperature is kept at a constant higher than the control group? One could say that this might cause the fish to think it is in the spawning season. By giving the fish a constant spawning season, the fish's reproductive cycle is knocked out of sequence. For example, suppose a fish normally lives in cold water during the winter months. If the fish is suddenly exposed to warm water during this time period, it may cause problems by... ...f the Brown Bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, with Reference to its Orientation to the Discharge Canal of a Nuclear Power Plant. F. Paul Richards, Richard M. Ibara Trans. Am. Fish. 1978 107(2), 288-220 Other Works: DNA Damage and Radiocesium in Channel Catfish from Chernobyl Derric w. Sugg, John W. Bickham, Janet A. Brooks, Michael D. Lomakin Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1996 Vol. 15, No. 7, 1057-1063 Effects of Temperature on Mitochondrial Function in the Antarctic fish Trematomus Bernacchii R. B. Weinstein, G. N. Somero J. Comp Physiol B. 1998, (168) 190-196 Gonadal Impairment in roach Rutilus rutilus from Finnish Coastal Area of the Northern Baltic Sea Tom Wiklund, Laura Lounasheimo, Jim Lom, Goran Bylund Inter Research 1996, Vol. 26, 163-171 The Effects of Increased Temperature on Fish Reproduction Essay The Effects of Increased Temperature on Fish Reproduction Today, many factors can contribute to an unexpected increase in temperature in streams, ponds, lakes and even oceans. One of the many factors which may cause this is a nuclear power plant. Although many might think that nuclear power is a source of many pollutants, this has been proven not to be so (1). In fact, nuclear power plants only cause one pollutant to the nearby water bodies, increased temperature. Usually this increase in temperature is approximately ten degrees above normal (2). However, this main study is to look at any effects that fish may have because of this increase in temperature. Several studies have been performed in this area, on several different species of fish. Although most fish respond in the same way, Eurasian Perch, for example, showed interesting side effects. By having an experimental group, which is placed into waters at a temperature of about ten degrees higher than the natural temperature, it is easy to compare to the control group, what physiological problems had occured. During the winter months, fish seek cooler water to perform gametogenesis, that is, sperm and eggs begin to form through meiosis. When spring arrives, these fish head back towards warmer water to spawn (3). What if the temperature is kept at a constant higher than the control group? One could say that this might cause the fish to think it is in the spawning season. By giving the fish a constant spawning season, the fish's reproductive cycle is knocked out of sequence. For example, suppose a fish normally lives in cold water during the winter months. If the fish is suddenly exposed to warm water during this time period, it may cause problems by... ...f the Brown Bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, with Reference to its Orientation to the Discharge Canal of a Nuclear Power Plant. F. Paul Richards, Richard M. Ibara Trans. Am. Fish. 1978 107(2), 288-220 Other Works: DNA Damage and Radiocesium in Channel Catfish from Chernobyl Derric w. Sugg, John W. Bickham, Janet A. Brooks, Michael D. Lomakin Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1996 Vol. 15, No. 7, 1057-1063 Effects of Temperature on Mitochondrial Function in the Antarctic fish Trematomus Bernacchii R. B. Weinstein, G. N. Somero J. Comp Physiol B. 1998, (168) 190-196 Gonadal Impairment in roach Rutilus rutilus from Finnish Coastal Area of the Northern Baltic Sea Tom Wiklund, Laura Lounasheimo, Jim Lom, Goran Bylund Inter Research 1996, Vol. 26, 163-171

Optimization of portfolio risk Essay

This paper is a critique one the article entitled â€Å"Post-Modern Portfolio Theory† by Swisher and Kasten (2005). The framework for this critique is to determine whether there ground to agree or disagree on the claims of the authors as against the evidence they presented. Swisher and Kasten asserted about the unreliability of Modern portfolio theory (MPT) and its mean-variance optimization (MVO) model for asset allocation in the financial services industry particularly on building portfolios. They instead suggested the use of post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) which presents a new method of asset location that optimizes a portfolio based on return versus downside risk (down side optimization, or DRO) instead of MVO. What makes PMPT different from PMT as explained by the authors is its recognition that standard deviation as a poor proxy in relation to humans experience on risk. They are therefore arguing on the basis of behavioral finance which appears to be not evident under PMT in addition to mathematical implication of the model. They explained that risk is an emotional condition which may be â€Å"fear of a bad outcome such as fear of loss, fear of underperformance, or fear of failing to achieve a financial goal. † (Swisher and Kasten, 2005). They simply cannot equate risks with variability as they argue that risk is â€Å"more complex than simple variance† although they admitted that it (risk) may be modeled and described mathematically. The authors explained that downside risk (DR) is risk definition taken from three sub-measures which include downside frequency, mean downside deviation, and downside magnitude. They added that each sub-measure must be defined with reference to an investor-specific minimal acceptable return (MAR) (Swisher and Kasten, 2005) . In translating their mathematical analysis, Swisher and Kasten (2005) stated that â€Å"people like to make money, not lose† and the chance of making above-average amounts to money frequently is given a heavier weight as against a tiny chance of success in lottery. In other words, the investors would go where there are more chances so that it will be accepted as part of the chance when an investment may turn out to perform poorly but they would hope that it will not to perform very poorly or as often. Swisher and Kasten, (2005) acknowledged the elegance of the mathematical mode for describing the perfect investment although incidentally they found the model called modern portfolio theory (MPT) wrong. They acknowledged that the defect is the provision of inefficient portfolios which goes without saying the it is contradicting what it is supposed to accomplish, that is efficient asset allocation or building of portfolio. The same authors took courage in declaring that the primary reason why MPT produces inefficient portfolios is the erroneous act of equating standard deviation with risk. They explained that risk is something else, and there is a need to have a better mechanical framework to describe it. Their paper therefore suggested a better framework for building of better portfolios through downside risk optimization (DRO). They of course defined DRO as â€Å"optimization of portfolio risk versus return using downside risk as the definition of risk instead of standard deviation. † (Swisher and Kasten, 2005). To be more convincing in their proposed model for through the use of DRO under PMPT, Swisher and Kasten (2005) asserted that DRO is superior to MVO under MPT as an asset allocation tool using the following arguments in support: The first one is the possibility that standard deviation can lead to ridiculous results when used as a measure of risks while downside risk (DR) does the same more closely in capturing the human conception of risk as earlier defined. The second argument is the reality that financial asset returns do not behave as what a normal distribution tries to paint and assume, thus even if for the sake of argument volatility is taken as a perfect representation of risk, the result will still not work. The third one, which strengthened more their position, is the better performance of DRO over MVO when they demonstrated head to head comparison of portfolios (Swisher and Kasten, 2005). More importantly the result of the comparison the performance of the two produced conflicting results hence one could only be correct. This was in fact the authors’ basis in declaring that MPT produces inefficient portfolios. It can be concluded that there is basis to the claim of the authors that PMPT works better than MPT in building portfolios. They were able to demonstrate with evidence about their assertion by using DRO as against MVO in their comparison. There is basis to agree with the authors claim that PMPT points the way to an improved science of investing that incorporates not only DRO but also behavioral finance as against MPT. Given this reason and a number of failures caused by MPT in the past there is basis to give due credit to the proposal of the author for PMPT which justifies its use by investors and analysts as a better alternative in asset allocation. Reference: Swisher and Kasten (2005) Post-Modern Portfolio Theory, Journal of Financial Planning, {www document} URL http://www. fpanet. org/journal/articles/2005_Issues/jfp0905-art7. cfm, Accessed January 22,2008.

How to Ace an Interview - 1558 Words

reparation A good interview is vital to your scholarship application. Its an opportunity to supplement your credentials with the kind of impression that cant be put on paper. However for most, interviews are a major source of stress. Keep the anxiety level under control by thinking ahead and following these tips from a scholarship expert. Before the interview you should: Research the organization and its business sector thoroughly to get a good idea of their background - look at their web site, ensure that you are up to date on any live media issues relating to the organization. Work this information into the interview to show how serious you are about receiving the scholarship. Find out who will be interviewing you - it could†¦show more content†¦Prepare yourself to make a good impression. If you need a haircut, get a haircut. If you are a nail biter, invest in a professional manicure. Select your interview outfit with care. It may or may not be advisable to wear a suit or dress, depending upon the specific situation. However, it is always appropriate to make sure your clothes are clean, they fit correctly and there are no loose buttons or hanging threads. LogisticsTo top Be sure you know where you are going and how long it will take to get there. Think about traffic flow at different times of the day. It is really hard to concentrate on the questions you are being asked when your heart is still racing from the parking lot dash, there are rivulets of perspiration running down your face and you have to go to the bathroom but didn’t have time. PresentationTo top You look great. You have arrived with enough time to visit the restroom, run a comb through your hair and pick the lint from the car seat off your clothes. You’re under control. It’s probably impossible to relax under these circumstances but it may help to remember that you are here because these people think you are a competent, qualified candidate. You earned the right to have this interview. The panelists will use this time to get to know you better and you are working from the advantage that they are already supporters. Help them to help you have a great interview by being as genuinely pleased to be there as you can.Show MoreRelatedEnsuring Personnel Trainers Are Certified Essential At The University Of Arizona1591 Words   |  7 Pages Ensuring Personnel trainers are properly certified is essential at the University of Arizona. That said, the American Council of Exercise (ACE) has four core-accredited certifications recognized by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA), which was created in 1987 by the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA). 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The Mysterious Life of J.D. Salinger

J.D. Salinger is considered by many to be one of the most mysterious writers of the 20th century. Really, what could be more unusual and curious than a writer who publishes a bestselling novel and then leaves all kinds of public life, leaves in seclusion, almost never gives interviews and never publishes anything. For fifty years afterwards Salinger remained a mystery and a living legend for those impressed by his breakthrough novel The Catcher in the Rye. It is only natural – people like inexplicable mysteries, and Salinger’s life was sure one of them. Recently released documentary Salinger, however, tries to cast its own glance on this secret and, probably, reveal some aspects of Salinger’s life that weren’t known before. It is very important to understand that Salinger’s works and his unusual behavior have led to the appearance of cult following. Nevertheless, when we usually use this term we simply mean that a book or a movie is outstandingly popular and has some extremely devoted fans who seem to be much more aware of the fictional world than the real one. In case of Salinger it acquired even more intensive forms: for many people he turned into a kind of deity, and any attempt to make his image look more well-rounded and realistic are met with extreme prejudice. It is probably what awaits Salinger. While paying due respects to the legacy of one of the most famous American writers of the last century, it tries to give answers to the questions that have been harrowing people for decades: Why Salinger left the world to live in seclusion? Why did he stop publishing? What was he writing all these years? What was happening behind the walls of his house in Cornish? And maybe, just maybe, after watching this documentary movie some people will get an opportunity to see Salinger as somebody less of a supernatural being, more human than considered previously. Maybe it will give another explanation than a simply â€Å"He was too good for this world to live in it†. In fact, it is not the first work that debunks the image of Salinger as a saint. Salinger, however, gives this whole story a new angle, it allows people to perceive the twofold aspect of Salinger’s nature: as a writer and as a person with his own flaws and peculiarities that make him all the more unique.

The Advantage And Disadvantages Of Being An Instrument

Being stubborn has its advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that it leads to being dedicated for everything you start. In middle school, specifically in fifth grade, band class and being able to learn an instrument is first introduced to students. Many people sign up, trying out instruments until they find one they enjoy. I, along with a handful of other people in my grade, joined a year late. Not only was I a year late, but I also missed sign ups again, and joined a few months into my sixth grade year. My first choice was percussion, but because I was so late, I was not able to join the percussion if i wanted to reach up to the level my classmates were at. So I tried out on flute, saxophone, and clarinet, and instantly fell in†¦show more content†¦It wasn’t until about a month in that my band director told my class that there was a solo piece needed on an instrument no one played in our band. She had asked if anyone wanted to learn the instrument and the mu sic. The room was quiet and stayed quiet until another clarinet player asked, â€Å"What instrument is it?† â€Å"An oboe.† Everyone started laughing. We had never even heard of this. While it seemed everyone else just had brushed it off after having their laughs, I was intrigued. It amazed me that there was more than just the basic 7 instruments we had first heard of. So, reluctantly, I raised my hand. I was expecting her to be excited that someone had offered. Instead, she looked at me with worry in her eyes and said, â€Å"Are you sure? You might want to keep working with the clarinet.† I didn’t let that change my mind. I nodded my head and she said, â€Å"Okay, I ll bring it in tomorrow.† That night, I went home and researched everything I needed to know. From how to care for the reed, how to clean it properly, and how to play it. I was ready. I was excited to tell my parents. When I told them, they had almost the same reaction as my band director. 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Interviewing Leaders

Questions: 1.What you Perceive this persons Leadership Styles, Behaviours, Traits? 2.How he/she uses Power and Influence Tactics to make him/her an Effective Leader? 3.Whether the person changes his/her Leadership in various situations. 4.Ask your Chosen Leader to describe his/her Leadership Style, Behaviours, Traits and his/her use of power and Influence Tactics, whether and how he/she changes his/her leadership in various situations. 5.What have you learnt about the Complexities of Leadership and Comparing what theory says and what you found i.e. do your findings support the Theories covered in the Course? 6.Given what you have found, how might your own Leadership Practice be improved as a result of undertaking this Assessment? Answers: Introduction Leadership is defined as a procedure that helps in influencing others for accomplishing the objective of an organization. It plays a significant role in a competitive business world for achieving the stability as well as success of the organization. It is one of the ability of an individual, which helps in motivating, influencing as well as enabling other towards the effectiveness as well as success of an organization (DuBrin 2015). Absence of proper and effective leadership might have negative impact on the organization, which can further hinder the organizations success. According to Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee (2013), proper leadership within an organization helps in maximizing the productivity, helps in reducing the turnover as well as assists in promoting a positive culture within the company. Therefore, presence of proper leadership is very much important. Background information on Marn Yaw With reference to interview question 1, Marn Yaw have been in a leadership position with GPS for close to ten years. During his service, he have received numerous awards for his contributions towards the company. As a subordinate of Marn Yaw for three years, I have established a close working relationship with him. As such, my observation and findings from the actual interview may correlate. Observation 1.Leadership Styles, Behavior and Traits of the Marn Yaw Marn Yaw is considered as an effective and successful leader due to his leadership styles, behavior and traits. It is observed that Marn Yaw follows participative style of leadership, which helps in valuing the input of various team members as well as peers. This leadership style helps in boosting the morale of the employees in the organization as they were asked to make proper contribution in the decision-making procedure in the organization (DuBrin 2015). He follows this type of leadership for making some specific changes within the organization. For instance, in 2014 our department was required to adopt a new enterprise system. Prior to this, Marn Yaw garnered feedbacks from the team before incorporating the feedbacks into implementing the system. The style is advantageous for the organization, as the staff of the company does not face any problem in accepting different types of policies as well as decisions. Marn Yaw not only focuses on his personal goals but also on the ambition of the organization. It is observed that there are number of characteristics as well as goals that help in categorizing Marn Yaw as an effective as well as successful leader. In my observation, he uses consultative approach while communicating with employees of the organization in order to get their suggestion. Marn Yaw has the capability to analyze various requirement of the organization properly. He not only recognizes the requirements but also develops proper requirement so that the organization can flourish. He helps in providing enthusiastic as well as creative encouragement by arranging various types of programs within the organization. Marn Yaw organizes three to four team building activities per year for our department. These programs not only encourages the employees but also motivate them towards their work (Lussier and Achua 2015). 2.Use of power and Influence Tactics for making an Effective leader Marn Yaw uses power and influence tactics to make him an effective leader. In my observation, he uses different influence as well as power tactics at different time. He uses rational persuasion tactic by providing some facts, data as well as logical arguments to the employees in order to convince them from his point of view. This is one of the most important influence tactic used by him. He mainly focuses on various values, emotions as well as beliefs of the staffs with an inspirational appeal for supporting various course of action (Fairhurst and Connaughton2014). This appeal is very much effective for the employees for making them creative as well as enthusiastic. I observed that Marn Yaw also uses exchange tactics to benefit the employees who in return also benefit the organization. He helps other employees when they asked for help. It is identified that personal appeal are quite effective for the employees. The Regional Manager uses legitimate power (Komives and Wagner 2016). This tactics is dependent on compliance with proper laws, rules and regulations. According to Shapiro and Stefkovich (2016), power is defined as the ability of an individual for influencing the actions of other individuals as well as groups. It is considered as the potential influence of the leader. Marn Yaw holds a high position in the organization and with the help of his position, it is identified that he holds legitimate power. He is the person who takes ultimate decision about various performance appraisals as well as employment. On the other hand, it is stated by Fairhurst and Connaughton (2014), that referent power is considered as one of the ability of a leader for influencing its subordinates due to their loyalty, friendship, desire for gaining acceptance. Marrn Yaws willingness as well as friendliness helps him to listen to the problems of the employees. Due to his approachable characteristics, employees feel free in trusting him. Marn Yaw uses influence tactics for making the employees feel good about him. For instance, he motivates employees, helps them when they need help, communicate with them properly and pays attention towards their problem. This characteristic is very much effective as the regional manager of organization is very much honest, infrequent as well as intended. 3.Changes in leadership Style in various situtations Marn Yaw changes his leadership style in various situations. He uses Pacesetting leadership style when the team members are motivated as well as skilled (Hackman and Johnson 2013). In this type of leadership, his behavior helps in overwhelming the team members of the organization. He changes his leadership style when there is need of mobilizing the team towards a specific objective. In that situation, he uses authoritative style of leadership, which leads the employees of the organization to focus on the goals as well as objectives of GPS. This leadership style is not suitable when the leaders work with team of experts. Being a Regional Manager of Global Procurement Services, he works as a coaching leader within the organization. He also uses affiliative style of leadership when there is need of an emotional bond in the organization. This style of leadership helps in bringing a feeling of both bonds as well as belonging (Hoch and Kozlowski 2014). Marn Yaw also uses this style when stress is generated within the department. At time of crisis, he switches his leadership style to coercive as it helps in demanding immediate compliance. This style of leadership is very much helpful in controlling problems when everything fails. Marn Yaw utilizes democratic style of leadership when he wants to buy ownership of a plan, decision as well as goals of the organization. It can be observed that Marn Yaw uses different type of leadership styles in different situation for achieving best possible outcomes. According to our lectures, it is integral that an individual must have a mix of leadership style for accommodating different scenarios and this mix style of leadership can be applied in reality. 4.Interview The interview process is conducted in order to review a deeper understanding and various characteristics as well as behavior of the Marn Yaw. There are a total of 15 interview questions, however, not all the feedback gathered from the interview were included in this portion. I have selected the questions that are pertinent to the assignment, and the full list of questions and responses are included in the appendix of the report. Leadership Style, Behavior and Traits of Marn Yaw From the interview, Marn Yaw affirmed that he uses participative style of leadership. He mentioned during the interview that this style of leadership helps in offering his employees a chance to provide their opinions during important decision making .The use of participative style of leadership helps in bringing a string feeling of association among the team members creating good relations between employees and me. Allowing employees to contribute their opinions will also create a positive workplace environment. Through his experience, he noticed that participative leadership style also helps in motivating the employees of the organization which in turn assists in reducing HR cost of the organization. He also believes that a leader should never be complacent in their attitude. Marn Yew added that he valued every employee in the organization. Without them, the organization will not be able to operate smoothly. As confirmed in my observation, he is a relationship-oriented behavior lead ership style. Power as well as Influence Tactics of Marn Yaw Marn Yaw uses various power as well as influence tactics that is advantageous for both the organization and for the staffs. Rational persuasion tactic was utilized by me along with the data, facts and information to convince the team members within workplace. For example, in order to improve the performance at workplace, I have created a line graphs to demonstrate the unites of people along with their performance based on target. I have shown the graph for unit/person for last 2 years and also shown the forecast for next 2 years with the same categories based on current headcounts and current volume. I always lead my team in staying at front and consistently reinforces the members with the philosophy of both actions and words. Also, I believe that ultimate goal is the key of developing others. Therefore, I always provide the learning opportunities and share the feedback as per their work performance. Moreover, facilitate solution is always use to insulate the team members at the work place. In order improve the team performance, I constantly integrate several strategies as well as actions to create value for my team members. Leadership Style Change with Situation Lussier and Achua (2015) cited that improvement is anything that takes time to execute. On the other hand, Hackman and Johnson (2013) opined that one leadership style cannot be effective in any given situation. However, I have participative and transformational leadership style that helps me in changing and adjusting situation. When the members of the team are motivated as well as skilled already, I used transformation leadership style to ensure the success for ongoing project. When I see that the organization requires a new vision then I switch my leadership style to authoritative as this type of leadership assists in mobilizing the team towards a particular objective that mainly helps in focusing on various end goals of the organization. Characteristics of a Good and Effective Leader According to him, an effective leader must have certain basic, visionary characteristics for managing various situations within an organization. An effective leader must be a risk taker so that they can handle any difficult situation without recognizing the failure. This characteristic is very much important in an effective leader for bringing various kinds of changes within the organization. It has been analyzed that Marn Yaw has self-control is an essential characteristic of a good and effective leader. The ability to stay calm helps in managing the situations appropriately. The leaders must have a caring nature so that they think about the individuals who are working under him. Motivation is other important characteristics that must be present in an effective leader for motivating staffs of the organization so that they can take risks as well as challenges for the success of the organization. Thinking on a single topic or issue for finding clarity is one of the main characteristic of a successful leader, which is present in him. Marn Yaw also has the ability to concentrate on work for extended period by removing distractions. Skills and Traits that make Marn Yaw an Effective Leader There are number of characteristics as well as behavior that help in categorizing him as an effective leader. Marn Yaw is a good communicator. He is able to provide high level of information to the staffs of the organization so that they can focus on various goals and objectives of the company. Marn Yaw recognizes various developmental requirement of the organization so that the organization can flourish well. He also provide enthusiastic as well as creative encouragement by arranging various types of programs within the organization. The program not only encourages the employees but also motivate them towards their work. Conclusion of the Interview It can be concluded from the overall interview that the characteristics, behavior as well as trait of the regional manager helps in making him an effective as well as successful leader. The theory of trait states that people are either born or made with some of the qualities that make him a good leader. Marn Yaw uses power as well as influence tactics for benefitting both the employees as well as the organization. He manages various situations by changing his leadership style and it has been analyzed that changing his leadership style not only helped him in becoming an effective leader but also benefits the organization. 5.Complexities of Leadership I have found many complexities in the leadership style. It is quite difficult for me to switch my leadership style as per the situations. It is very much complex for an individual to behave differently in different situations by motivating the employees of the organization properly. However, after undertaking this assignment, I learnt that it is essential for one to have various leadership style in various situation as one style does not suit every situation or employee. To be able to be a successful leader, we need to learn how to adapt the given situation at that point of time. The complexity leadership theory helps in offering new perspectives for overcoming various complexity constraints within the organization. The theory helps in illustrating the key limitations of complexity. It is analyzed that the theory of complexity helps in offering a significant way for perceiving as well as engaging the management of complex behavior. The leaders help in addressing the most complex, soc ial, environmental challenges that are faced today. I have also identified that it is very much difficult to manage different traits of power as well as influence effectively. Different types of influence traits are not present within an individual. Maintaining various influence as well as power traits for benefitting both the organization and its employees is quite difficult task. I have found that I must improve my thinking skills for dealing with various complexities of leadership. I need completely new approach for becoming leaders in order to deal with various level of change that is occurring. 6.Methods for Improving the leadership Style I have found that my leadership style needs to be improved quite a lot after undertaking this assessment. It is significant to improve my leadership as it not only makes me an effective as well as successful leader but also helps in minimizing the problems that I am facing in dealing with various situations. In my research on effective and successful leaders, I found that successful leaders share similar characteristics. Some of the common characteristics are excellent communication skills and the ability to resolve conflict. These are the following characteristics that I found it appropriate for me to improve on my leadership styles as well as skills in becoming an efficient and successful leader. The methods include: Improving Communication Skill: I have to improve my communication skill as proper communication skills helps me in specifically communicating with the staff of the organization about the vision, goals, objectives as well as expectations of the organization. It also improves my ability of listening people. To become an effective communicator, I have to strive to improve my verbal, non-verbal listening skills. Listen to employees: I have found that listening properly to the employees with open mind helps me in reacting decisively. I have found that the characteristics must be present in a leader as it helps them in becoming a role model for other employees of the organization. Work on inspiring others: Motivating as well as inspiring others is one of the significant factors of a leadership. Therefore, I have realized that presence of this trait in me is very much important as I can use this trait in staying focused and can make my employees feel valued as well as happy. Maintain positive attitude: I have found that it is very much significant to have a positive attitude within me. People or employees of the organization will get attract towards a positive leader. Positivity makes an individual happier as well as at the same time it helps in providing courage so that one can work well with proper responsibilities. Gain knowledge about various styles of leadership: It is very much important for me to analyze the advantages of various leadership styles for identifying the most appropriate leadership style. Proper information about leadership style is quite important for managing various types of situation that can occur in an organization. Advocate creativity: I have identified that intellectual simulation is the most required authentication for leadership skills. Therefore, I have to increase my creativity, which can be enhanced by managing various challenges or problems of the organization. Well disciplined: Being disciplined, is one of the mandatory quality of a leader .Though I poses good vision as well as ideas I have to became much more disciplined for executing the plan of the organization effectively. Self-discipline also helps in educating other, which in turn helps in enhancing the leadership skills. Handle Conflicts: I have to know how to handle difficult situations for resolving conflicts. I have to work hard for managing various situations with a positive attitude. Handling various types of problems helps organization to flourish. With reference to interview question 15, Marn Yaw mentioned that his mentor has helped him tremendously in shaping who he is today. As such, in the course of improving on my leadership, I hope that I will be able to find a similar mentor that will be able to guide me personally to further my growth. Conclusion: From the above observation and interview with Marn Yaw, it has been understood that in order to be an effective leader combination of exceptional traits, discipline attitude and significant behavior is most important. In addition, from the analysis of literature review and mentioned theories, it is identified that styles of leadership are changed based in the circumstances. Moreover, in order to gain the collaboration and compliance of followers, power processed by the leaders complements is potential aspect. In the work place, better teamwork can be done by creating a strong and committed relationship between the leaders and followers. Apart from that, it is also understood that to improve these skills mentioned above, I am planning to undertake professional leadership training courses and workshops. It will be beneficial for me as I will gain insights and knowledge on how other leaders behavior, traits and leadership styles enable them to be a successful leader. 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