The Advantages of Bilingual Education in School Essay Example for Free

The Advantages of Bilingual Education in School EssayLanguages are ot only a method of expressing opinions but also a source of information about otherwise unknown societies and cultures. Bilingual languages provide individuals with diversified communication skills thereby enhancing their abilities to surpass and understand words than our family language. As example, in Malaysias schools, students are study English language as their multilingual language. This show that bilingual education is very all-important(a) for our future. Therefore, what are the benefits of bilingual education in school?The advantages of bilingual ducation in school are we have high opportunities to new blood line markets, more choices in resources of studying and easier to learn additional languages. A person who lectures two languages is worth two person, said my bilingual language teacher. This is because that person is have an ability to speak to non-native person and be able to read some inform ation on the newspapers in other language than their family language. Therefore, the advantages of having these kind of abilities, we have high opportunities to new Job markets due to the need to a person who is knowledgeable n bilingual language.People with bilingual language skills are considered an asset to an organization. It helps better understanding because it gives individuals a broader view. According to Argumentative Essay Examples, 28 September 2011 by Jmssilverstone, Since Spanish widely spoken and understood in variant part of the United States specially here in New Mexico, learning Spanish would support the students to widen their social circles and lead to more social interaction. This show that learning in bilingual education gives us a lot of benefits and easy to involve in ny works in our industries.Therefore, bilingual education in school give us high opportunities to new Job markets. In conclusion, the implementation of bilingual education in school should be t ake continuously in each countries because it has various golden advantages such as have high opportunities to new Job markets, more choices in resources of studying and easier to learn additional languages. I hope that everyone give enjoy to study in the bilingual education system in their schools so that they can have these benefits.

Market Equilibration Process Paper Essay Example for Free

Market Equilibration physical process Paper EssayMarket Equilibration surgical process provides a balancing commercialize opportunity for a business organization to suit to the various changes occurring in the grocery store in their field. To guide the Department in adapting to the demands of adjustment to balance the market. This volition enable producers and buyers to be on the same oppose cost and products. Law of demand balance to exist there must be a request from the product or products or services. There must be willing buyers with the resources available to purchase products or services at the agreed price. Once the need has been established, these products fuck be produced or developed. Law of make headway out this product is supplied to the market the price the consumer is willing to pay, and this in turn creates a balanced market. In case there is a bug in sensation side, influenced by the balance and shift over to one side. In place of this type there ma y be a shortage in publish ca engaged the price increase that would result in the competition coming in to fill the void. Other possibilities atomic number 18 to have excess supply in the market, and this will drop the price of the goods that may cause a significant decline in prices, would create an imbalance in the balance in the market. Efficient markets hypothesis all participants in the market and all relevant get information as soon as it becomes available.The redundant in the market occurs when there is a surplus of the inks that are displayed is greater than measure ordered cadence. In this case, some producers will not be able to sell all their goods. This prompted them to lower their prices to make their products more attractive. For many companies the competition and thereby reduce prices reduce the market price of the product. In reply to low prices, and consumers increase the quantity demanded, move the market towards balance price and quantity. In this case, exce ss supply has been downward pressure on the price of the product. Shortage of market occurs when there is excess demand that is the quantity ordered is greater than the amount offered.In this case, consumers will be able to purchase as much of a commodity as they would like. In response to the demand of consumers and producers alike raise the price of the product and the amount they are willing to provide. The increase in price will be too mellowed for some consumers they will not demandthe product. At the same time increase the amount of available products that satisfy consumers others.Here we show an equilibrium price of Pe. What if the price were P1, which is higher than Pe? The quantity supplied would exceed the quantity demanded at the price. The result would be an excess quantity supplied at price P1, or a surplus. scarcely given D and S, there will be forces pushing the price back down toward Pe. Suppliers will attempt to reduce their inventories by cutting prices, and pro ducers, beholding a lower price, will cut back on the quantity supplied. As the price falls, demanders will offer to purchase morethat is, the quantity demanded will increase. If not prevented from moving, the price will eventually reach its equilibrium at Pe again. What if the price is, for some reason, at P2? At this below-equilibrium price, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. There is an excess quantity demanded at P2, or a shortage. Market forces will cause the price to rise. Demanders will bid up the price and suppliers will raise the price.The point of this psychoanalysis is that any disequilibrium situation automatically brings into action correcting forces that will cause a movement back toward equilibrium. The equilibrium price and quantity will be maintain so long as demand and supply do not change. When we refer to a stable equilibrium, we mean that if there is a movement absent from the equilibrium price or quantity, there will be forces pushing pric e or quantity back to the equilibrium level or rate. An fluent equilibrium is one in which, if there is a movement remote from the equilibrium, there are forces that push price and/or quantity farther away from equilibrium (or at least do not push price and quantity back toward the equilibrium level or rate). (Stable And Unstable Equilibria, n.d).Market Equilibration Process Paper Market equilibrium is the point in which industry offers goods at the price consumers will consume without creating a shortage or a surplus of goods. Shortages drive up the cost of goods while surpluses drive the cost of goods down, finding the balance in the process is market equilibrium. A good example of a market equilibrium commodity would be the price of gasoline. Currently a barrel of oil is around $81.00USD. This has resulted in an increase in the price of agallon by about $1.00 from one year ago to an average of about $3.00 per gallon of gasoline. While driving habits have not started to change, people are taking notice and may be looking to make changes should price continue to rise. The sector of the market that is taking notice and making a changes is those homes that use oil for heating. The recent cold snap in the mid-west and east has increase the need and usage of oil. The $1.00 increase in price per gallon of gas from a year ago is resulting in a larger percentage of increase in home heating. Consumers are starting to make changes in their live elan in order to achieve a personal equilibrium in their budget. The dollar increase may not seem like much but the bottom line result is in increase of about 3% 5% in homes heating costs. The reasons sighted for the increase in oil is increased consumption by China, colder than normal temperature is Europe and shortages in Europe due to their unseasonable amount of snow fall in the large cities (2010, 07).With all the commotion going on in the Middle East and the ever increasing demand for Oil by countries such as China a nd the U.S it is very lightheaded to see why price of crude oil and gasoline keeps climbing. According to Rodney Schulz of Schulz Financial, One may argue that the oil market is not efficient because a few large players, such as some of OPECs largest producers, have the ability to move prices. And that is true, as well as the fact that insiders in those organizations can take advantage of certain information (2012, 03). He stated further that Looking at the oil and gas industry, one immediately finds evidence of market efficiency with oil and gas prices. First, if the market were not efficient, firms that did nothing but trade oil and gas futures would be as ubiquitous as independent producers. Moreover, they would perform as well in down markets as in up markets. This would be an easy business to start, as there are roughly no barriers to entry. However, firms that do nothing other than trade oil and gas futures are practically nonexistent (2012, 03).Reference(2010, 07). Market Equilibrating Process Paper. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 07, 2010, from http//www.studymode.com/essays/Market-Equilibrating-Process-Paper-359014.html (2012, 03). Market Equilibration Process Paper. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2012, fromhttp//www.studymode.com/essays/Market-Equilibration-Process-Paper-932326.html Stable and Unstable Equilibria. (n.d). Retrieved from http//wps.aw.com/aw_miller_econtoday_13/29/7556/1934389.cw/content/index.html

Functional Relationship Network Architecture

Functional Relationship Network ArchitectureA calculator mesh, is referred to as a network, it is a harvest of computers and instruments interconnected via communication channels that en qualifieds communications among maprs and permits users to allocated re originations. Networks whitethorn be classified check to a wide range of characteristics. A computer network permits sharing of resources and knowledge among interconnected devices.Fig1Block diagram of computer networkConnection methodComputer networks chiffonier be classified according to the hardwargon and softwargon engineering that is accustomed to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet, wireless LAN.Functional relationship (network architecture)Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist among the elements of the network, e.g., active networking, client- boniface and peer-to-peer architecture.Network regional anatomyComputer net works may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is grounded, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network. Network topology is the coordination by which tools in the network ar organized in their rational family members to one an different, independent of visible arrangement. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement and are joined combine to a hub, the network has a star topology, alternatively a bus topology. In this study the visual and operational aspects of a network are distinct. Networks may be classified grounded on the process of knowledge adapted to carry the data these include digital and analog networks.Fig2. Mesh topologyFig3. Star regional anatomyFig4. Ring topologyWhat is a firewall?Fig5. firewallA firewall is a component of a computer system or network that is arranged to avoid unaccredited chafe where letting agent communications. It is a implement or set of tools that is config ured to sanction or turn down network transmissions grounded upon a set of administers and other criteria.Firewalls target be implemented in either hardware or software, or a combination of two. Firewalls are comm unaccompanied adapted to prevent unauthorized lucre users from accessing private networks joined combined to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or withdrawing the intranet surpass through with(predicate) the firewall, which inspects apiece outcome and prevents those that do non get the specified protection criteria. in that location are several types of firewall techniquesPacket filter Packet filtering checks for each one software that is passing through the network and accepts or refuses it establish on particular IP addresses that is user defined. Although difficult to configure, it is effective and mostly transparent to its users. It is vulnerable to Internet Protocol spoofing.Fig6. Packet filtersThis type of bundle filtering pays no heed to if a packet is part of an older stream of traffic (i.e. it stores no information on connection state). Instead, it filters each packet based only on information contained in the packet itself .transmission control protocol and UDP protocols consists most communication over the net, and because transmission control protocol and UDP traffic by convention uses well known ports for well-nigh types of traffic, a stateless packet filter can differentiate between, and hence control, those types of traffic (such as nett browsing, out-of-door printing, email transmission, file transfer), untill the machines on each side of the packet filter are both using the same non-standard ports.Packet filtering firewalls work mainly on the initial three layers of the OSI reference model, which direction most of the work is done in between the network and physical layers, with a little bit of peeking into the transport layer to observe out source and destination port numbers. When a packet origin ates from the sender and filters through a firewall, the device finds matches to any of the packet filtering rules that are configured in the firewall and removes or rejects the packet accordingly. When the packet goes through the firewall, it checks the packet on a protocol/port number basis (GSS).Application ingress Applies protective covering mechanisms to some applications, such as FTP master of ceremonies. This is effective, but can degrade the performanceFig7.OSI reference modelThe benefit of application layer filtering is that it can understand applications and protocols and it can also detect if an unwanted protocol is sneaking through on a non-standard port or if a protocol is being use in any baneful way.An application firewall more secure and reliable as compared to packet filter firewalls as it works on all 7 layers of the OSI reference model, from the application to the physical layer. This is similar to a packet filter firewall but here it also filters information on the basis of content.In 2009/2010 the focus of the best comprehensive firewall surety vendors turned to expanding the list of applications such firewalls are aware of now covering hundreds and in some cases thousands of applications which can be identified automatically. Many of these applications can non only be blocked or allowed but copied by the more advanced firewall products to allow only certain functionally enabling network security administrations to give users functionality without enabling unnecessary vulnerabilities. As a consequence these advanced versions of the Second Generation firewalls are being referred to as Next Generation and revolve the Third Generation firewall. It is expected that due to cattish communications this trend will have to continue to enable organizations to be truly secure.Third multiplication stateful filtersFig8. Stateful filterThird-generation firewalls, in addition to what first- and second-generation look for, regard placement of ea ch packet within the packet series. This technology is generally referred to as a stateful packet inspection as it maintains records of all connections going through the firewall and is able to determine whether a packet is the start of a new connection, a part of an brisk connection, or is an invalid packet. Though there is still a set of defined rules in such a firewall, the state of a connection can itself be one of the criteria which trigger specific rules.This type of firewall can actually be exploited by certain Denial-of- profit oncomings which can fill the connections with illegitimate connections.Circuit-level gateway Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection has been done, packets can go between the innkeepers without checking further.Stateful filtersFig8. Stateful filterThird-generation firewalls, in addition to what first- and second-generation look for, regard placement of each packet within the packet series. This t echnology is referred to as a stateful packet inspection as it maintains records of all connections going through the firewall and is able to determine whether a packet is the start of a new connection, a part of an existing connection, or is an invalid packet. Though there is still a set of static rules in such a firewall, the state of a connection can itself be one of the criteria which trigger specific rules.This type of firewall can actually be abused by some Denial-of-service attacks which can fill the connection tables with false connections.Proxy serversChecks all messages entering and leaving the network. The representative server hides the right network addresses.Fig9.Proxy serverIn computer networks, a proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, asking for some service, such as a file, connection, mesh page, or other resource, available from a different server . The proxy server processes the request according to its filtering rules. For example, it may filter traffic by IP address. If the request is passed by the filter, the proxy provides the resource by connecting to the relevant server and requesting the service on behalf of the client. A proxy server may alter the clients request or the servers response, and sometimes it may pass the request without contacting the specified server. In this case, it caches responses from the upstage server, and sends back subsequent requests for the same content directly.Types of proxyForward proxiesFig10.Forward proxiesA send on proxy taking requests from an internal network and forrarding them to the Internet.Forward proxies are proxies where the client server names the target server to connect to. Forward proxies are able to get from a wide range of sources.The terms forward proxy and promotion proxy are a general description of behavior (forwarding traffic) and hence ambiguous. Except for Rever se proxy, the types of proxies described on this article are more specialized sub-types of the general forward proxy concepts.Open proxiesFig11.Open proxiesAn open proxy forwarding requests from and to anywhere on the Internet.An open proxy is a forward proxy server that is accessible by any Internet user. Gordon Lyon estimates there are hundreds of thousands of open proxies on the Internet. An anonymous open proxy allows users to conceal their IP address while browsing the mesh or using other Internet services.Reverse proxiesFig12.Reverse proxiesA hook proxy taking requests from the Internet and forwarding them to servers in an internal network. Those making requests connect to the proxy and may not be aware of the internal network.A reverse proxy is a proxy server that appears to clients to be an ordinary server. Requests are forwarded to one or more origin servers which mucklele the request. The response is returned as if it came directly from the proxy server.Reverse proxies are installed in the neighborhood of one or more web servers. All traffic coming from the Internet and with a destination of one of the web servers goes through the proxy server. The use of reverse originates in its counterpart forward proxy since the reverse proxy sits closer to the web server and serves only a dependant set of websites.There are several reasons for installing reverse proxy serversEncryption / SSL acceleration when secure web sites are created, the SSL encryption is often not done by the web server itself, but by a reverse proxy that is equipped with SSL acceleration hardware. See Secure Sockets Layer. Furthermore, a host can provide a single SSL proxy to provide SSL encryption for an arbitrary number of hosts removing the need for a separate SSL Server Certificate for each host, with the downside that all hosts behind the SSL proxy have to share a common DNS name or IP address for SSL connections. This problem can partly be overcome by using the SubjectAltName fe ature of X.509 certificates.Load balancing the reverse proxy can distribute the load to several web servers, each web server serving its own application area. In such a case, the reverse proxy may need to rewrite the URLs in each web page (translation from externally known URLs to the internal locations).Serve/cache static content A reverse proxy can offload the web servers by caching static content like pictures and other static graphical content.Compression the proxy server can optimize and compress the content to speed up the load time.Spoon feeding reduces resource usage caused by slow clients on the web servers by caching the content the web server sent and late spoon feeding it to the client. This especially benefits dynamically generated pages.Security the proxy server is an additional layer of defense and can protect against some OS and Web Server specific attacks. However, it does not provide any protection to attacks against the web application or service itself, which is generally considered the larger threat.Extranet Publishing a reverse proxy server facing the Internet can be used to communicate to a firewalled server internal to an organization, providing extranet access to some functions while care the servers behind the firewalls. If used in this way, security measures should be considered to protect the rest of your infrastructure in case this server is compromised, as its web application is unresolved to attack from the Internet.VPNA virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure such as the Internet to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organizations network. It aims to avoid an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can be used by only one organization.It encapsulates data transfers between two or more networked devices which are not on the same private network so as to keep the transferred data private from other devices on one or more i ntervening local or wide area networks. There are many different classifications, implementations, and uses for VPNs.Fig13 VPNVulnerabilities-Unauthorized accessThis simply means that people who shouldnt use your computer services are able to connect and use them. For example, people outside your company might try to connect to your company accounting machine or to your network file server. There are mixed ways to avoid this attack by carefully specifying who can gain access through these services. You can prevent network access to all but the intended users.Exploitation of known weaknessesSome programs and network services were not originally designed with strong security in mind and are inherently vulnerable to attack. The BSD remote services (rlogin, rexec, etc.) are an example. The best way to protect yourself against this type of attack is to disable any vulnerable services or find alternatives. With Open Source, it is sometimes possible to repair the weaknesses in the softwar e.Denial of service Denial of service attacks cause the service or program to cease surgical process or prevent others from making use of the service or program. These may be performed at the network layer by sending carefully crafted and malicious datagrams that cause network connections to fail. They may also be performed at the application layer, where carefully crafted application commands are given to a program that cause it to establish extremely busy or stop functioning. Preventing suspicious network traffic from reaching your hosts and preventing suspicious program commands and requests are the best ways of minimizing the risk of a denial of service attack. Its useful to know the details of the attack method, so you should educate yourself about each new attack as it gets publicized.Spoofing This type of attack causes a host or application to mimic the actions of another. Typically the attacker pretends to be an innocent host by following IP addresses in network packets. F or example, a well-documented exploit of the BSD rlogin service can use this method to mimic a TCP connection from another host by guessing TCP sequence numbers. To protect against this type of attack, verify the authenticity of datagrams and commands. Prevent datagram routing with invalid source addresses. Introduce unpredictability into connection control mechanisms, such as TCP sequence numbers and the allocation of dynamic port addresses.Eavesdropping This is the simplest type of attack. A host is configured to listen to and capture data not belonging to it. carefully written eavesdropping programs can take usernames and passwords from user login network connections. Broadcast networks like Ethernet are especially vulnerable to this type of attackHere are a few examples of firewalls -UntangleFortiguardNetnannyWebsenseClearOSThese firewalls can be affected by the above vulnerabilities.One way how a firewall/web filter can be bypassed is by using VPN.As studied above we can VPN t o some external network and use that network.So we can bypass the firewall by doing VPN to a remote network and using its default gateway.Below are the precise locomote how to setup a VPN server, Client, AD and LB configurations.Complete VPN patternBelow is the stop procedure on how to setup VPN server and client sideNote- Windows XP and Windows 7 both have the capability to act as VPN serversVPN Server ConfigurationOpen Network connections and follow the below -Click next on the welcome pageSelect the options highlighted in the below snags -Once you have followed the stairs above you are done with the server side configuration.VPN Client ConfigurationBelow snags show the client side configurationOnce the above steps are followed the client side is also setupThe work is still not overPort ForwardPort needs to be forwarded from the modem/LB etcFollow the instructions below to get it rolling -Dial in Rights on ADThe final step is to give the user permissions to VPNFirst RDP to the ADLoginOpen Active DirectoryFind the user and go in propertiesFollow the snag it once the above is done -The best firewall-According to the first hand experience we found Untangle to be the best firewall as it is free and has a host of functions too.Below is a screenshot of the untangle washboard-Fig14. Untangle dashboardConclusion-Our aim was to explain what a firewall is and expose a few vulnerabilities in it. We have studied how a firewall works, its architecture, types of firewalls and vulnerabilities. We have thus compared the firewalls on several(a) parameters and have concluded that Untangle is the best firewall with reference to the features and cost of it.

Confucianism

ConfucianismMany intellectual thinkers took birth in chinaware that reformed politics, religion, and philosophy. To this day their impact can be felt in new(a) china. Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han dynasty, but as we know, another(prenominal) ideologies, such as Daoism and Legalism became prevalent as thoroughly. Each ideology consisted of its confess ideas of what a political and social companionship should be like. They all looked to determine solutions for problems commonwealth faced in their lives daily. All three of these philosophies differed vastly from each other but at the same cartridge clip, they had any(prenominal) similarities as well. Confucianism and Daoism particularly share several beliefs and values, namely modelizing the society somewhere in the past and belief in reform of society through self-cultivation. Whereas legalism can said to be totally different from two these philosophies in various aspects.Confucianism was founded by Confucius(680-740 B.C.). Confucius stated that his ideas were not on the whole new but only a restatement of the values from the early days of the Western eats. He believed that this finis was, the lost golden age and should be recovered.(Dr. Wright 21). The society at the time of Confucius was not operating according to his ideals, therefore there was a great need for mixture. This change he advocated would not be to some new ideology but rather, society would fall back to the ideals of the early Zhou society, which in his mind was perfect. He further stated that specific qualities from this period had been lost. The most essential of these qualities was the performance of rituals, which he called Li. He further stated that Ritual must regulate all your conduct.(analecta 112) Confucius further stated that if Li was performed correctly, its constant practiti championrs would indeed learn to abide by the morals of society. This was attributed to the fact that just as a individual performing a ritual had a certain position and role assigned to them, similarly a member of society had moral expectations and obligations. Confucius also stressed that in order for a person to completely comprehend the importance of Li, wholeness needed to posses Ren. This is described as benevolence or kindeness. Conficius believed that Ren was an inward quality as opposed to something one could arrest from outside. Taoism was found by Laotzu do a basic summary of the beliefs.Similarities between the two- One thing that Confucianism and Taoism have in common is that both ideologies believe in reforming the society through reforming the self first. In Confucianism, one improved himself through becoming an adequate practitioner of Li, and becoming virtuous Although Confucius stated that education compete an important role in self-cultivation, it was not compulsory, as one could be considered virtuous by simply possessing nature qualities like obedience, humilit y, loyalty and trustworthiness. Confucius further argued that one who possessed virtue or Ren and had practiced Li as well would be best fit to run a government as well as benefit society in general. Confucius belief that one must reform himself before he can change the society can be seen in the pursual quote from his analects. In serving ones convention one deals reverently with the tasks involved and makes the livelihood involved a secondary consideration ( Analects 1538). In Taoism, the individual improved himself by comprehending the meaning of the Tao intuitively. If one could get in abut with this Tao and understand it, this would lead to a immense shift of society and governmentAnother similarity between the two philosophies is that they both believed that society and government was perfect in the past and that those lost values must be brought back in order to achieve bliss. Confucius obviously believed the reign of the Western Zhou to be pretty well flawless. He sought to arrive back social order and godliness which had been lost after the fall of the Western Zhou. He argued that this social order and morality were achieved by the Western Zhou through understanding the importance of rituals (Dr. Wright 22-23). Much of the rituals performed during this time were borrowed from the Shang dynasty. An example of such a ritual is the usage of inscribed bones known as oracle bones, in divination and posing questions to supernatural gods and deities. This fact is also demonstrated in the following passage from The Analects, If by keeping the old warm one can provide understanding of the new, one is fit to be a teacher (211, Analects)(what Confucius thought) http//www.heptune.com/confuciu.html) . In this passage Confucius basically states his understanding that in order to be successful in the present one must have an understanding of what other successful states had practiced in the past.Where Confucianism considered the past to be perfect, Taoism al so idealised the past. Taoism believed that humans had once known the Tao and had lived their lives in accordance with it. It further stated that this understanding of the Tao had been lost somewhere in history and that peoples hearts no monthlong felt the Tao, which gave birth to intellectual thought rather than intuition, causing all the disorder and the problems of society in general. This golden age was believed to be immediately following the discovery of agriculture by humans. At this time people lived in small homes, were greatly content and therefore were much detached from material things. Because simplicity and contentment filled peoples hearts, they were in intuitive rather than intellectual, therefore being in touch with the Tao. Taoism then claims that all this was shattered by ambition. Ambition caused people to do unnatural things like constructing large buildings, thereby causing people to lose the Tao(Dr. Wright 28)Both Confucians and Taoists assumed that the worl d should have a human ruler, and that he should live by, and promote, the ideals propounded by the thinker in question. While Zhuang Zhou whitethorn have considered government irrelevant, he did not condemn its existence. So while Taoists may have been less interestedin existing Chinese social and political institutions than Confucians, none denounced monarchyor aristocracy, none would have understood or condoned modern ideals of egalitarianismor radical individualism. To all of them, no one is encouraged to discover or practice any newtruth. Rather, one is to live the ideal life by finding and accepting ones real place within the existingworld.Where Confucians and Taoists parted ways is that the former viewed the world primarilyin term of inherited socio-political norms, while the latter focused on humans continuitiesWith the invisible dimensions of reality that Confucians were often reluctant to discuss.While both philosophies Confucianism and Taoism addressed questions about the interior self, Legalism was more concerned with ways to keep the ruler in power. A major(ip) difference between Legalism and the philosophies previously discussed was that Legalism sought to control human way through the law of the state rather than changing ones self through discovering the Tao or by practicing Li and becoming moral. Han Fei, founder of Legalism, stated that there was no such thing as virtue or goodness, instead obedience was the most necessary quality a person had to possess (Legalism ,http//philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/china/legal.html). This was because the Legalists believed that human nature was innately bad, and that humans had to put under a system of punishment and reward. This system would be a way of controlling human behavior, which was believed to be unchangeable, as they would fear punishment from the state and cherish reward (Dr Wright 34).. Legalists also differed from Confucianism and Taoism because they did not believe in a golden age, but i nstead believed that no such ideal or perfect society ever existed in the past and that Legalism itself was trying to achieve that for the first time. The ideal Legalist ruler was then described as one that did not need to practicing Ren or be in touch with the Tao when dealing with society, as this would only spoil the public. Legalism was then rigorously a way of governing the people so that they may conform to the laws of ruler, as this was always right.Therefore Legalism did not focus much on finding morality and virtue within oneself as whatever the ruler considered right was considered virtuous and moral.Confucianism and Taoism were two philosophies that differed greatly in many regards but at the same time share many similarities. One such similarity was based on the fact that both believed that in order to bring social bliss, one had to change themselves first. Taoism looked to reform the individual by getting in touch with ones inner self, whereas Confucianism believed in l earning from history and also from other virtuous beings around us as well as practice their rituals and ceremonies. Both philosophies also believed in a golden age and answer questions as to how one may revert back to it. Taoism stated that we should give up ambition and practice qualities such as non-action and simplicity of the past, and that this would lead to one getting in intuitive touch with the Tao. Confucianism on the other hand simply argued that one must practice ritualism and simply bring back values of successful states in the past. The third major school of thought in ancient china was known as Legalism. Legalism can be said to be completely different from the aforementioned ideologies. The whiz biggest difference was that Legalism was not much of a philosophy as it did not believe that a person could even be reformed. They held that ones behavior could only be temporarily controlled by laws, in particular a punishment and reward system. This was based on their belie f that a person is innately evil in nature. Legalism was basically described as a technique in which would lead to conformity of the public to the rulers law. Whether these laws were just, moral or good, was irrelevant, as Legalists held the belief that whatever the ruler willed was justified and right. While it would be undeniable that Confucianism and Taoism vary vastly, their similar goals and beliefs have allowed them to co-exist successfully for thousands of years in many cultures of the world. In fact, many believe that without incorporating elements of both philosophies, an individual cannot be truly whole. As Taoism applies more to abiding by ones intuition, it is more personal in nature, whereas Confucianism can apply to society as a whole and used to govern a state.

Relationship between Motivational leadership and culture

Relationship between Motivational malarkyership and subtletyIntroductionThe link between Motivation, Leadership and the advert and appropriateness of American culture oriented discip boundary systems and the Pakistani pagan context investigated.Motivation in the disciplineplace holds a direct link to the leaders within organisation. In the in advance(p) age work has become the focus of our live. Work is the place where most of us find much of our sense of identity. It is hard today for many of us separate our work from the rest of our lives. We spend much of our time at work or in work related social and leisure activities. within this work environment, at its core we can find Motivation, Leadership and culture. The way in which these three issues combine has a defining learn on how we lead our lives.One of the major problems of leading today is that of understanding what motivates mass. In order to be able to influence people it is necessary to understand what moves people .However, by examine pauperization insight is found, drawing useful generalization, in all of which go away make the surgical procedure of leading other that to a greater extent than effective. For many years the Pakistani business, gentility and cultural environment has been influenced by American business, education and culture. Cleargonr understanding of how successful this cross-cultural mixes has been need investigation to judge its success.Motivation is closely coupled to leaders with bug out motivation it could be argued that there is no leadership. The leadership style impart naturally relate to the national culture of the country being investigated to lead efficaciously and motivate people in a suitable way. Pakistan as a developing country is ready to accept many horse opera ideas and if appropriate presented occidental cultural education programme. This oration aims to study how to don an American cultural education programme with western structure to the P akistan cultural business environment.The all- substantial(a) of cultural influence on the leadership style and motivation has been enquiryed. The differences between Pakistan and American culture within this context will go through been investigated.Assessment of the following areas will be madeThe effect of leadership on motivation.The cultural impact on leadership style.The differences between American and Pakistani culture.The best way to apply an American cultural education programme within the Pakistani cultural context.Background and Academic ContextMotivationMotivation is a basic conception in human behaviour and as well as in employee behaviour. Motivation is unmatched of the key drivers of high performance as it encourages individuals to work hard, and desire to achieve a higher goal and a better performance. According to Mitchell (1982) motivation is psychological process that cause encouragement, direction and insistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented . Robbins (1993) shares the identical view, that motivation is the willingness to exercise high levels of ride towards organization goals and to satisfy individual needs. McKenna (2002, p.8) explains motivation as an emotion, which is take(prenominal) in nature, and comes from within the individual. Robbins (1993) also describes that it is the individual needs that make the outcomes to be attractive and unsatisfied needs will create tension to stimulate drives within the individual and this is called motivation process.LeadershipLeadership is delimit as a social influence, process in which the leader seeks the voluntary participation of subordinates in an effort to reach organisational goals. There are many ship canal of looking at leadership and many interpretations of its meaning, it is therefore difficult to generalise about leadership (Mullins, 2002). However a definition from the 1990s said, Leadership is an influence parityship between leaders and followers who intend re al changes that reflect their mutual purposes (Rost, 1991). Mullins also submitted that leadership is essentially a human relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people (Mullins, 2002). assimilation on the other hand, has the culture brought about by a nationsculture such as language, religion, customs, traditions, norms of behaviour, beliefs, business ethics etc. For a successful globalisation, though organization culture plays an important part, it cannot over-ride the national culture. Any successful operation will succumb much attention to the national culture in formulating its organization culture for that country.Leadership is the ability to lead, including inspiring others in a shared vision. Leaders have clear visions and they communicate these visions to their employees. Leadership has been a nipic of interest to historians and philosophers, but scarce around the turn of the century did scientific studies begin. Since that ti me, scientists and other writers have offered more than 350 definitions of the term leadership (Daft, 1999). Defining leadership has been a complex problem because the nature of leadership itself is complex. In recent years, however, much progress has been made in understanding the essential nature of leadership as a real influence in organizations and societies (Northouse, 2001).It is worth reweaving the first conceptions of leadership the trait and the behavioural access code as one can learn from these former approaches in order to construct a new approach best fitting to the current frugal situation.Leadership is related to motivation, interpersonal behaviour, culture and the process of communication. Di Cesar Sadri (2003) explains the dimensions of cultural impact on employee motivation, stating while the principle of leadership, motivation, and decision making may be relevant almost everywhere, their success or failure depends heavily on ways in which managers adapt to the local culture and work situation (cited in Di Cesar Sadri 2003, p.30).Culture can be defined as Symbols, language, ideologies, rituals, and myths (Pettegrew, 1979), or it can be said that it is a product is historical is establish upon symbols and is an abstraction from behaviour and the products of behaviour (Jongeward, 1979) or the famous definition by Edgar Schein a pattern of basic assumptions- invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to know with the problems of away adaptation and internal integration- that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.(Schein, 1985).Leadership can be defined below misfortune Theories of LeadershipLeadership is all about the way people are guided, involved and support through the completion of a task or activity. There are many styles of leadership and every leader will have their own personal views why their style is the best method for them. All forms of leadership are individualistic and can be categorised into four different styles Democratic, Paternalistic, Authoritarian (dictatorial) and Laissez-faire. adventure Theories un resembling entitle Theories are primarily concerned with the factor that leaders are assumed their style can be varied at will. Style Theories simply assumes that there is a single leadership style that is suitable for all situations. Contingency Theories therefore assume that it is the situation itself which makes one style more appropriate than another. A Contingency possible action therefore is a scheme that has to be suitable for the conditions in which leadership is to be exercised.An Outline of the Three Contingency Theories of LeadershipFiedlers Contingency TheoryThis theory is also referred to as the LPC, which stands for the Least Preferred Co-Worker. This is the subordinate that a supervisor was least able to work with success abun danty on a previous occasion. Fiedlers Theory is based upon his view that the most appropriate leadership style (which results in high task performance by workgroups) is denoted by the preferred behavioural style of the leader within the contextual circumstances in which the group operates. Basically if the leaders style is positive towards the workgroups thence workers will work to a maximum output.The Path goal Theory of LeadershipThe Path goal theory is closely linked with Vrooms Expectancy Theory where the motivation for people to perform an activity is functional with two connected factors. These factors are expectancy and valence and are defined below. Expectancy is about a person believing that his/her good/positive performance will lead to specific identifiable results. i.e. if this individual performs to his/her highest ability and this is shown and recognised then expectancy will lead to positive results. Valence is to what extent this individual values these results i.e . valuing the results that he/she is expecting from the work carried out.The Hersey and Blanchard Contingency ApproachAlso named the situational leadership model theory this theory derived by Hersey and Blanchard argues that a managers style should alter according to the readiness of followers to narrow responsibility for directing their own actions. The term readiness is used to wring task-related readiness and psychological readiness.Task-related readiness shows whether subordinated have the necessary skills, knowledge and abilities to undertake a job without the leader having to plan, structure and direct their efforts. Psychological readiness is linked to the leaders subordinates characteristics such as self-motivation and pride in their work, which in turn may instil them to accept responsibilities.Key factors of successful contingency leadership theories Adapting to external surroundings and understand the people who you are leading what is the way in which they want to be lead? What do these people want in conk for task completion, Remuneration, praise and promotion. Incorporating a motivational theme throughout the business is a key issue for task completion and for workers to ingest the expectancy theory. (in reference to Vrooms Expectancy Theory) Contingency Theories are not Leadership Styles.CultureCulture is the acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and generate behaviour (Spradley, 1980) take from Social Responsibility in the Market Fair Trade of cultural products by (Littrell and Dickson, 1999). Culture encompasses a groups ideology, as well as its normative behaviours and its physical environment, artefacts and technology. As applied to business, the study of organisational culture offers insights into a firms unique character. Organisational culture evolves as a group learns to solve problems and conduct business (Schein, 1985). Often initiated by a strong founder, a firms culture perpetuates itself through the telling of company stories, daily rituals, hiring practices, training, rewards, and marketing decisions (Kotter and Heskett, 1992).According to (Rugman and Hod inducets, 2000) Organisational culture that people use to interpret experience and to generate social behaviour. Members of a group, organisation, or society share culture. Through culture we form values and attitudes that shape our individual and group behaviour. Culture is larn through both education and experience. Culture is also passed from one generation to another, so it is enduring. At the same time cultures constantly undergo change as people adapt to new environments.Having looked at culture in western countries, the attention will focus now specifically on Eastern (Pakistan) culture, its relationship with leadership and identify which international attitudes it is most closely associated with.From last past years true characteristics have become influential in shaping Pakistani culture. Among the important cultural characte ristics of Pakistan are vast differences in socio-economic status at the both societal and organisational level, and the influence of nationalism and secularism in transforming society into a western societal structure.The Quaid-e-Azam whos known as the founder of Pakistan was one of them who received a western influenced education and was consequently greatly inclined to European culture and institutions. Pakistan stands out as being different from Asian countries. Despite the fact that 99 percent of the Pakistani population is Muslims, the Pakistani state is secular. The ideology of Pakistan is based on principle of religion and state. In other words the state is independent of religious rules and is run by secular rules.Generally, externally characteristics serve as an important power base for leaders. Leaders power is a manifestation of feudal links and has strong roots in Pakistani culture, in that leaders are expected to promote patronage relationships with their followers.Obj ectiveIn view of this the objective of this dissertation is to undertake a critical evaluation of the impact of leadership on motivating the workforce within different cultures or contexts where different cultures exist. Expanding on this key objective, attention is focused on a number of distinct areas likeA suss out of the literatures dealing with motivation to establish whether or not there is strong relationship between motivation and effective leadership.A review of the literatures to establish whether or not there is strong relationship between effective leadership and culture.An assessment of leadership within different cultural context.To respect the extent to which American principles advocated in the leadership and motivation literatures will encounter cultural resistance when introduced to the Pakistani context.In what ways will the principles of motivation and leadership need to be modified and what will be the implications for management style.Research MethodThe resea rch for this dissertation (proposal of marriage) started with review of relevant books, research and articles.First effort was directed towards establishing what research has been published in the chosen area and then other research that might currently be in the progress has been identified. This process that is called Critical reviewing helped to develop knowledge on this subject and also assisted in clarifying research.MethodsThe references used within this dissertation proposal (Relationship between leadership, motivation and culture) are not an extensive list and the common of them are drawn from American or British journals publishing on the topic of leadership, motivation and culture. moreover qualitative research is a systematic method of post-mortem, which follows a logical in depth method problem solving conflicting in certain directions (Thomas and Nelson, 2001). With qualitative research a hypothesis is often not given at the beginning of research studies instead prospec tive are explored as the entropy unfold.Although the research aimed to put it in sincere effort to make this research as genuine and possible, one must accept that limitations remain as they constantly do in all human activities. The geographical distance between, the West (US UK) and East (Pakistan) is off course one of the major hindrances, and the limitation of time is another. fiscal resources put another limitation, which might not allow the researcher to go all out for the purpose of data collection. Furthermore, all previous studies on the area, although none concerning developing countries such as Pakistan, focused on leadership style. This research can help to develop better strategic plans, such strategic plans for research question.In order to achieve the objectives the literature available with the Anglia Ruskin University will be studied and analysed along with the academic literature included Anglia Ruskin University Library, mainly academic journals, which are clos ely related to research topic, including Harvard Business review, HR development International, HRM journals, Journal of Management studies and primarily academic books, including HRM, SHRM, IHRM, employee relation, international management, psychological and sociological contract etc and CIPD each week magazine, general magazine, economist etc. Different resource of information provided by the university portal will be accessed and used like Emerald Database, Thomson Gale, and Ebsco etc.Time lineResearch will be started in the third week of August 2010,The period of the whole research will be six months. The following timeline is based on my current course schedule.Description of the activityStart DateEnd DateDraft Dissertation ProposalSubmission of Dissertation Proposal23rd Aug 2010Literature StudyResearch DesignAnalyses your designCollect and Analyse collect date as per researchWriting dissertationFinalizing the dissertation and necessary editing and correctionSubmission of diss ertation6th Jan2011Aim of studyMotivation in the workplace holds a direct link to the leadership within organisation. In the modern age work has become the focus of our live. Work is the place where most of us find much our sense of full meaning. It is hard today for many of us separate our work from the rest of our lives. We spend much of our time at work or in work related social and leisure activities.Within this work environment, at its core we can find Motivation, Leadership and culture. The way in which these three issues combine has a defining influence on how we lead our lives.Leadership now days face some serious problems in determining and understanding the factors which are the motivational factors for people and similarly to get maximum possible one need to determine these factors beforehand.However, by studying motivation insight is found, drawing useful generalization, all of which will make the process of leading other that more effective. For many years the Pakistani business, education and cultural environment has been influenced by American business, education and culture. But a clearer understanding of how successful these cross cultural mix has been needs investigation to judge its success. In this work it will be deluxe what motivates people as well as how leadership gives direction, drawing on cultural factors.Most commonly family leadership occurs in business enterprises even in bighearted companies in almost in a similar way in both regions but more common in Asia primarily express with respect to cultural differences giving importance.Li Ka-shing of the Hong Kong-based Hutchison Whampoa and Cheung Kong holding group, for example, has decided to give the leadership of his firms to his two sons these companies were run by him very closely, whereas in America if a company is being established and founded by a certain elder of the family of a largest firm will be holding the position but it is only if he has founded it and been establis hing it. Boards and administrators in America enjoy little freedom of action as compared to Asia.In America board of directors are mainly the authority to set back professional managers, they are either replaced or they get retired so they are replaced by other professional managers. Good companies train their own staff for future(a) recruitment and they recruit and give priority to internal staff and chose their next chief executive from among themselves. On average a CEO will own less than 4 percent of its companys shares and would have served for at least thirty years with his company. There are certain companies who get publicity and try to over project than they actually are who hire executive from the external market without any experience. Then these CEOs strive to win and they think that money is not that important but professional achievement is all what they are after actually they are in a very highly competitive market.During the last ten-spot in America its hard to get credit due to enormous inflation of top executives compensation packages.Many large companies in America receives their righteousness capital from capital market which is why they are mostly inclined and attentive towards Wall highroad compared to Asian in common. Which is why Wall Street has definite expectations from the board of executives in terms of behaviour and performance and also whoever the next successor is too. It is the main reason that executive members of the board of directors get less chance to act freely in America rather than in Asia.In Asia, Siblings usually gets the succession. In Lis case, his two sons will receive it from him whereas Chief executive officer of General Electric is being groomed with a talent machine which is developed by Jack Welch.American firms are much more on advance stage than as of Asian firms, theyTo a significant degree, they have passed from founders family leadership to professional management and to capital obtained from the c apital markets (rather than obtained from government-directly or indirectly-or from family fortunes). In this transition they have adopted particular styles of leadership responsive to boards (often led by outside directors) and to Wall Street.It is possible, but not certain, that Asian firms will also adopt this kind of important practice.Business Executives in Asia thinks its vital for them and their businesses to have connections with the ruling party or whoever is in the government offices, and in America its not that important to have such connections while in Asia it is the basic characteristics of executives and they think its also very important for their businesses. In America, Mostly business Executives even dont get the privilege to have any direct contact with top politicians and simply business is treated as business and executives dont even try to collaborate with top politicians and always keep the government on a certain distance and business is conducted by business people and experts. Still there are people in America who do involve and keep close ties with political guns so that to gain profitable margins but that wouldnt be on a large scale as of Asia and simply would be an exception.

The Conquest in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Conquest in Heart of Darkness The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much. (Conrad 65) So stated Marlow as though this was his justification for ravaging the congou in his search for ivory. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness shows the disparity between the European ideal of civilization and the reality of it as is evidenced by the domination, torture, victimization and dehumanization of the African population. Heart of Darkness is indicative of the evil and greed in humanity as personified by Kurtz and Marlow. These emissaries of light are shown to be crude, unsporting and violent. They had no regard for the destruction of Africas natural environment, wantonly destroying hills in a feeble attempt to establish a railway, No change appeared on the face of the rock....the cliff was not in the way or anything but this objectle ss blasting was all the work going on. (Conrad 76) This statement reveals the real motive for venturing into the congo which was not to bring a better, more civilized lifestyle to the poor, underprivileged Africans but to satisfy their lust for power. It was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as is very proper for those who tackle a darkness. (Conrad 65) Just as higher-up Frankenstein in the novel Frankenstein created a monster that was a manifestation of his intragroup turmoil and demons, so too Kurtz and Marlows journey into Africa is an unveiling of their inner darkness which we are all afraid to face. Like Grenouille, in Perfume and Victor Frankenstein, Kurtz sought power, adoration and godlike status both among his European counterparts and the native Africans. Just as Grenouille bottled and collected special fragrances so too Kurtz collected human heads displaying them around his hut as trophies. Kurtzs journey into Africa, as well as his inner journey, can be likened to Grenouilles hibernation in the cave for seven years or Victors search for his monster across the icy slopes. During this occlusive each individual underwent a transformation and a realization of the horrors they have created. Kurtzs final words The horror The horror are comparable to Victor fleeing the scene when faced with the manifestation of his handiwork.

Essay --

Throughout The Merchant of Venice, there are a variety of ways in which the characters view wealth. Their views on wealth construct the play. Different characters view wealth in extremely different ways. usurers life is centered around wealth, Bassanio views wealth as extreme power, period Antonio balances wealth and love greatly.Shylocks view on wealth is rather extreme. He values only money, and not family. After Jessica runs away Shylock states, I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear. (III. i. 79-80). When Jessica runs away, he does not care that she is gone. He only wishes for his money, which she has stolen, to be returned to him. Shylock also prioritizes himself and what he has to hit over the lives of others. While making the deal with Antonio, Shylock states, Expressed in the condition, let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me (I. iii. 150-154). This deal alone shows Shylocks greed for money. If Antonio is unable to pay Shylock choke by the deadli...